Evidenced Based Research

Study Title;	Study Date;	Subjects Number;	Teeth Number;	Ozone Time(Seconds);	Caries Type;	% Success;	Follow-up Period;	Adverse Reactions
1 Lynch E, Smith E, Baysan A, Silwood C J, Mills B, Grootveld M. Salivary Oxidising Activity of a Novel Anti-bacterial Ozone-generating Device. Journal of Dental Research 2001; 80:13	2001	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
2 C.J.L. Silwood and M. Grootveld. Surface Analysis of Novel Hydroxyapatite Bioceramics Containing Titanium (IV) and Fluoride. IADR Abstract 2002	2002	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
3 Lynch E, Silwood CJL, Smith C, Grootveld M. Oxidising actions of an Anti-Bacterial Ozone-Generating Device towards Root Caries Biomolecules. IADR Abstract 2002	2002	n/a	n/a	5 Seconds	Primary Root Caries Biomolecules	pyruvate oxidised to acetate and CO2	n/a	n/a
4 Claxson AWD, Smith C, Turner MD, Silwood CJL, Lynch E, Grootveld M. Oxidative Modification of Salivary Biomolecules with Therapeutic Levels of Ozone. IADR Abstract 2002	n/a	n/a	n/a	10 Seconds	MultiComponent Analysis shows chemical pathways of ozone	shows oxidation of VSC's, & Pyruvate	n/a	n/a
5 Lynch E, Silwood CJ, Abu-Naba'A L, Al Shorman H, Baysan A, Holmes J and Grootveld M. Oxidative Consumption of Root Caries Biomolecules using Ozone. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	30	30	30 Seconds	Multicomponent analysis of root caries by high field 1H -NMR spectroscopy provides useful information regarding the oxidation of PRCL biomolecules by O3.	shows oxidation of VSC's, & Pyruvate	n/a	n/a

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Comparison of Diagnostic Techniques

Study Title;	Study Date;	Subjects Number;	Teeth Number;	Ozone Time(Seconds);	Caries Type;	% Success;	Follow-up Period;	Adverse Reactions
6 Abu-Naba'a L, Al Shorman H, Lynch E. The Effect of Ozone Application on Fissure Caries QLF Readings. IADR Abstract 2002.	2002	0	242 QLF readings	20 Seconds	Occlusal Fissure Caries on extracted teeth	QLF readings correlated with histological exam	n/a	None
7 Megighian GD, Bertolini L. In vivo Treatment of Occlusal Caries with Ozone: One and Two Months' Effect with Light-induced Fluorescence (QLF) as Diagnostic Methods. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	80	300	20,30 & 40 seconds	Primary Occlusal Fissure Carious Lesions	80% reduction of QLF at 1 month, and 90% reduction at 2 months	2 months	None
8 Marashdeh MM, Abu-Salem OT, Lynch E. Ozone Treatment of Occlusal Caries in Primary Teeth: Immediate Effects and Correlation of Diagnostic Methods. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	17	50	10 Seconds	Occlusal Caries Primary Teeth	Reduced DIAGNOdent Readings after ozone treatment	n/a	None
9 Abu-Naba'a L, Al Shorman H, Lynch E. Immediate Effect of Ozone Application In-vivo on DIAGNOdent Readings. IADR Abstract 2004.	2004	90	394	10 Seconds	Primary Occlusal Pit & Fissure Caries	Ozone immediately reduced Diagnodent vales (p<0.05)	n/a	None

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Assessment of Anxiety & Fear with Ozone Treatment v Traditional Dental Amputation Therapy

Study Title;	Study Date;	Subjects Number;	Teeth Number;	Ozone Time(Seconds);	Caries Type;	% Success;	Follow-up Period;	Adverse Reactions
10 Dahnhardt JE, Jaeggi T, Scheidegger N, Kellerhoff N, Francescut P, Lussi A. Treating Caries in Anxious Children with Ozone: Parents' Attitudes after the First Session. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	20	n/a	n/a	n/a	ozone + ART. 75% afraid of dental care before ozone treatment, 75% would recommend to relative/friend. 80% willing to pay more v. drill&fill	n/a	None
11 Johnson N, Johnson J, Johnson K, Abu-Naba'a L, Al Shorman H, Freeman R, Lynch E. Patients’ Attitudes to Dental Treatment Using Ozone vs. Conventional Treatment. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	100	n/a	ozone treatment v drill&fill	All Lesions	ozone reduces anxiety and fear of dental treatment	n/a	None
12 Domingo H, Abu-Naba'a L, Al Shorman H, Holmes J, Marshdeh MM, Abu-Salem AT, Smith C, Freeman R, Lynch E. Reducing Barriers to Care in Patients Managed with Ozone. IADR 2003.	2003	377	n/a	20 seconds	all lesions	99% happy with ozone treatment, 97% happy with the time taken, 100% would like ozone treatment again, 99% were not anxious after ozone treatment	3 months	None
13 Megighian GD, Dal Vera M. Reducing Barriers to Care in Patients Managed with Ozone in a General Dental practice in Italy. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	250	n/a	n/a	all lesion types	100% happy with ozone treatment, 100% would recommend, 80% reduced anxiety	6 months	None
14 Domingo H, Abu-Naba'a L, Al Shorman H, Holmes J, Marshdeh MM, Abu-Salem AT, Freeman R, Lynch E. Reducing Barriers to Care in Patients Managed with Ozone. IADR Abstract 2004.	2004	20 studies	n/a	n/a	n/a	83% - 99% Caries Reversal	n/a	None
15 Abu-Naba'a L, Al Shorman H, Lynch E. Patient's Attitude to Treatment of Pit and Fissure Caries with Ozone. IADR Abstract 2004.	2004	49	n/a	n/a	Pit and Fissure Caries	98% happy with treatment, 94% happy with time, 94% would choose ozone even if higher fee. 100% would choose ozone treatment again, and 100% not anxious after ozone treatment	6 months	None

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Treatment of Primary Root Carious lesions

Study Title;	Study Date;	Subjects Number;	Teeth Number;	Ozone Time(Seconds);	Caries Type;	% Success;	Follow-up Period;	Adverse Reactions
16 Baysan A & Lynch E. Treatment of Primary Root Carious Lesions using Ozone for either 10 or 20 Seconds In Vivo. IADR Abstract 2001.	2001	26	70	10 or 20 Seconds	Root caries	10 seconds reduced CFU's from 7.0 to 4.35 Log10. 20 seconds reduced 6.0 to 0.46 Log10	n/a	None
17 Baysan A & Lynch E. Treatment of Primary Root Carious Lesions using Ozone for either 10 or 20 Seconds In Vivo. IADR Abstract 2001.	2001	26	70	10 or 20 Seconds	Root caries	10 or 20 seconds treatment time showed significant changes	n/a	None
18 Baysan A, Lynch E. Management of root caries using ozone in-vivo. Journal of Dental Research 2001; 80:37	2001	80	214	10 seconds	Root caries	30.9% S2 to S0, 34% S2 to S1	3 months	None
19a Holmes J. Clinical reversal of root caries using ozone, double-blind, randomised, controlled 18-month trial. Gerodontol 2003: 20 (2): 106-14 2002	2002	89	178	40 seconds	Root caries	100% reversal of treated Lesions 18 months	18 months	None
19b Holmes J. Ozone Treatment of Root Caries after 21-Months. IADR Abstract 2004.	2004	89	178	40 seconds	Root caries	100% reversal of treated Lesions 21 months	21 months	None
20 Baysan A & Lynch E. Clinical Assessment of Ozone on Root Caries. IADR Abstract 2004.	2004	80	226	20 seconds	Root Caries	47% S1 to S0, 52% S2 to S1	12 months	None
21 Baysan A. Management of Primary Root Caries using Ozone Therapies. PhD Thesis, University of London, 2002.	2002	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
22 Baysan A, Lynch E. Safety of an ozone delivery system during caries treatment in-vivo. Journal of Dental Research 2001; 80: 1159-1159. 2001	2001	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a

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Treatment of Pit and Fissure Carious Lesions

Study Title;	Study Date;	Subjects Number;	Teeth Number;	Ozone Time(Seconds);	Caries Type;	% Success;	Follow-up Period;	Adverse Reactions
23 Abu-Naba'a L, Al Shorman H, Lynch E. Ozone Efficacy in the Treatment of Pit and Fissure Caries. J. Dent Res. 2002; abstract.	2002	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	None
24 Abu-Naba'a L, Al Shorman H, Stevenson M, Lynch E. Ozone Treatment of Pit and Fissure Caries: 6-month Results. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	78	240	10 seconds	Pit & Fissure Caries	100% successful remineralisation	6 months	None
25 Abu-Naba'a L, Al Shorman H, Lynch E. Ozone Treatment of Primary Occlusal Pit and Fissure Caries (POPFC): 12-Months Clinical Severity Changes. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	129	258	10 seconds	Primary Occlusal Pit and Fissure Caries	Treated lesions got better 0.018±0.05, 0.216±0.06* and 0.283±0.06, while control lesions got worse 0.079±0.04, 0.294±0.07 and 0.443±0.07	12 months	None
26 Holmes J, Lynch E. Arresting Occlusal Fissure Caries Using Ozone. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	278	1275	10, 20, 30 or 40 Seconds	Primary Occlusal Pit & Fissure Caries	93% clinical reversal of treated lesion, control lesions did not change or got worse	12 months	None
27 Abu-Naba'a L, Al Shorman H, Lynch E. Ozone Treatment of Primary Occlusal Pit and Fissure Caries: 12-month ECM results and Clinical implications. IADR Abstract 2003.	203	129	258	10 seconds	Trt ECM change ranged from 0.02 to 0.62 (average 0.30 ±0.009) and Ctrl ranged from 0.07 to -0.27 (-0.13±.009).	Difference between groups ranged from 0.22 to 0.56 (p<0.05 at 4 recalls).	12 months	None
28 Reaney D, Lynch E. Clinical Reversal of Pit and Fissure Caries After Using Ozone. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	22	78	30 seconds	Primary Pit & Fissure Carious Lesion	74.4% ozone treated teeth clinically reversed 100% stable or reversed. 82% control lesions got worse	1 months	None
29 Daly T, Lynch E. Reversal of Occlusal Pit and Fissure Caries by Ozone. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	58	58	30 seconds	Primary Occlusal Fissure Carious Lesions	62% lesion reversal (p=<0.05)	10 weeks	None
30 Stinson P. Clinical Reversal of Occlusal Pit and Fissure Caries after Using Ozone IADR Abstract 2003.	203	98	279	30 seconds	Primary Occlusal Fissure Carious Lesions	84% lesion reversal with ozone (p<0.05)	3 months	None
31 Holmes J. Clinical Reversal of Occlusal Pit and Fissure Caries Using Ozone. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	376	2364	10,20,30, or 40 seconds	Primary Occlusal Fissure Carious Lesions	99% reversal	12 months	None
32 Jackson P, Lynch E. Healing of Pit and Fissure Caries after Using Ozone. IADR Abstract 2003.	203	78	130	30 seconds	Primary Occlusal Fissure Carious Lesions	68% reversal / stable	3 months	None
33 Johnson N, Johnson J, Johnson K, Lynch E. Healing of Pit and Fissure Caries after Using Ozone. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	35	90	20 seconds	Primary Occlusal Fissure Carious Lesions	59% reversal, 41% stable, none got worse	1 month	None
34 Johnson N, Johnson J, Johnson K, Lynch E. Effective Treatment of Occlusal Fissure Caries Using Ozone. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	105	300	20 seconds	Occlusal Fissure Caries	81% lesion reversal p<0.05). 17% remained stable	1 month	None
35 Abu-Naba'a L, Al Shorman H, Lynch E. 6-month Clinical Indices Changes after Ozone Treatment of Pit and Fissure Caries (PFC). IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	8	34	40 seconds	Primary Occlusal Fissure Carious Lesions	lesions reversed using clinical criteria indices (p<0.05)	6 months	None
36 Morrison R & Lynch E. Remineralisation of Occlusal Pit and Fissure Caries After Using Ozone. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	108	186	40 seconds	Primary Occlusal Fissure Carious Lesions	80.5% lesion reversal, 100% stability, no progression in ozone treated group	13 weeks	None
37 Hamid A. Clinical Reversal of Occlusal Pit and Fissure Caries Using Ozone. IADR Abstract 2004.	2004	92	92	40 seconds	Primary Occlusal Fissure Carious Lesions	86.6% reversal	6 months	None

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Treatment of Primary/Deciduous Teeth

Study Title;	Study Date;	Subjects Number;	Teeth Number;	Ozone Time(Seconds);	Caries Type;	% Success;	Follow-up Period;	Adverse Reactions
38 Abu-Salem OT, Marashdeh MM, Lynch E. Ozone Efficacy in Treatment of Occlusal Caries in Primary Teeth. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	16	42	10 seconds	Occlusal Carious Lesions	ECM improved (p<0.05) and Diagnodent improved (p<0.05)	6 months	None
39 Abu-Salem OT, Marashdeh MM, Lynch E. Ozone Efficacy in Treatment of Occlusal Caries in Primary Teeth. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	17	50	10 seconds	Occlusal Caries + Air Abrasion	ECM readings increased in test v control (p=<0.05)	3 months	None

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Treatment of Occlusal Caries with Ozone

Study Title;	Study Date;	Subjects Number;	Teeth Number;	Ozone Time(Seconds);	Caries Type;	% Success;	Follow-up Period;	Adverse Reactions
40 Morrison R, Lynch E. Efficacy of Ozone to Reverse Occlusal Caries. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	145	240	40 seconds	Primary Pit & Fissure Caries	96% treated lesions reversed, none got worse	13 weeks	None
41 Cronshaw MA. Treatment of Primary Occlusal Pit and Fissure Caries with Ozone: Six-month Results. IADR Abstract 2004	2004	18	49	30 seconds	Primary Occlusal Fissure Carious Lesions	89% clinical reversal of ozone treated lesions	6 months	None

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Combining Ozone Treatment with Other Preparation Systems

Study Title;	Study Date;	Subjects Number;	Teeth Number;	Ozone Time(Seconds);	Caries Type;	% Success;	Follow-up Period;	Adverse Reactions
42 Clifford C. Successful Use of Airbrasion in Conjunction with Ozone Treatment. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	37	48	40 seconds	Interproximal Carious lesions	Treatment faster than drill&fill (p<0.05) and allows other cavity types to be treated	3 months	None
43 Clifford C. Reversal of Caries Using Airbrasion and Ozone- Nine Month Results. IADR Abstract 2004	2004	34	68	40 seconds	Approximal lesion	100% reversal with hardened tissue	9 months	None
44 Holmes J & Lynch E. Reversal of Occlusal Caries using Air Abrasion, Ozone, and Sealing. IADR Abstract 2004	2004	38	76	40 seconds	Occlusal Caries	100% reversal	3 months	None
45 Holmes J. Restoration of ART and Ozone treated primary root carious lesions. IADR Abstract 2004.	2004	60	120	20 seconds	Primary Root Caries	ART & Ozone lead to no pulp exposures, retained full vitality and strength of tooth. Drill&Fill lead to pulp exposures and further RCT was required before review period.	6 months	None
46 Domingo H, Holmes J. Reduction in treatment time with combined air abrasion and ozone compared to traditional ‘Drill & Fill’. IADR abstract 2004.	2004	64	128	40 seconds	Primary Root Caries	AA & Ozone was faster than Drill&Fill. AA was more profitable than D&F	6 months	None

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Ozone in Endodontics

Study Title;	Study Date;	Subjects Number;	Teeth Number;	Ozone Time(Seconds);	Caries Type;	% Success;	Follow-up Period;	Adverse Reactions
47 Chang H, Fulton C, Lynch E. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Ozone on Enterococcus faecalis. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	n/a	n/a	60, 30, 20, 10, 0 seconds	108	solution E Faecalis 60= 0 cfu's, 30= 0 cfu's, 20= 0 cfu's, 10= 0 cfu's at 106 and 105 concentrations. Higher concentrations were markedly reduced	n/a	None

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Cost Benefits of Ozone Treatment

Study Title;	Study Date;	Subjects Number;	Teeth Number;	Ozone Time(Seconds);	Caries Type;	% Success;	Follow-up Period;	Adverse Reactions
48 Johnson N, Johnson J, Lynch E. Cost Benefit Assessment of a Novel Ozone Delivery System vs. Conventional Treatment. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	48	n/a	n/a	Occlusal and Root Carious Lesions	Ozone tooth 3 minutes max, conventional drill&fill 20 minutes minimum. Ozone treatment takes less time and cost (p<0.05)	n/a	None
49 Domingo H, Holmes J. Reduction in treatment time with combined air abrasion and ozone compared to traditional ‘Drill & Fill’ and cost comparison. IADR abstract 2004.	2004	64	128	40 Seconds	Primary Root Caries	AA & Ozone was faster than Drill&Fill. AA was more profitable than D&F	6 months	None

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Treatment of Dental Unit Water Lines (DUWL)

Study Title;	Study Date;	Subjects Number;	Teeth Number;	Ozone Time(Seconds);	Caries Type;	% Success;	Follow-up Period;	Adverse Reactions
50 Cardon B, Eleazer P, Miller R, Staat R. Low concentration ozone treatment insufficient to control DUWL biofilm. IADR Abstract 2002.	2002	n/a	n/a	Ozone conc. 0.05ppm	DUML samples	No Effects Seen	10 weeks	None
51 Al Shorman, Abu-Naba'a, Coulter W, Lynch E. Ozone, An Effective Treatment For Dental Unit Water Lines. IADR Abstract 2002.	2002	n/a	n/a	3 minutes, at 2100ppm ozone	615 ml/min DUWL flushed for 2 minutes	Ozone treatment showed reduction from 5.2*103 CFU/ml to 300 CFU/ml after first application, then 0 CFU/ml at seconds and subsequent application.	8 days	None
52 Al Shorman, Abu-Naba'a, Coulter W, Lynch E. Primary Colonization of DUWL by P. aeruginosa and its Eradication by Ozone. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	n/a	n/a	5 minutes	Dental Unit Water Lines	Reduced DUWL count <100 CFU's/ml at 2 weeks	reduced to 0 CFU's/ml v2 weeks	None

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Effects of Ozone on Dental Materials

Study Title;	Study Date;	Subjects Number;	Teeth Number;	Ozone Time(Seconds);	Caries Type;	% Success;	Follow-up Period;	Adverse Reactions
53 Campbell D, Hussey D, Cunningham L, Lynch E. Effect of Ozone on Surface Hardness of Restorative Materials. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	18	3	10 Seconds	Restorative Materials	Ozone has no effect on material hardness	n/a	None
54 Abu-Naba'a L, Al Shorman H, Lynch E. 6-months Fissure Sealant Retention Over Ozone- treated Occlusal Caries. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	53	66	10 Seconds	Primary Occlusal Fissure Carious Lesions	Ozone treatment followed by immediate sealant placement was not detrimental to retention rate.	6 months	None

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OHManagement Software for Patient Management

Study Title;	Study Date;	Subjects Number;	Teeth Number;	Ozone Time(Seconds);	Caries Type;	% Success;	Follow-up Period;	Adverse Reactions
55 Scholz V. OHManagement Software for quality management in an ozone treatment practice. IADR Abstract 2004	2004	n/a	n/a	10 clinics operating with new OHManagement Software, compared to no OHM	n/a	Patient recall attendance (53% v 44%) and compliance (84% v 75%) were better with the new OHM	n/a	n/a

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Other References

Study Title;	Study Date;	Subjects Number;	Teeth Number;	Ozone Time(Seconds);	Caries Type;	% Success;	Follow-up Period;	Adverse Reactions
56 Bocci V. Ozone as a bioregulator. Pharmacology and toxicology of ozone therapy today. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 1996; 10: 31-53.	1996	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
57 Baysan A, Lynch E, Grootveld M. The use of ozone for the management of primary root carious lesions. Tissue Preservation and Caries Treatment. Quintessence Book 2001, Chapter 3, 49-67.	2001	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a

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1H NMR Studies on Ozonated Oils

Study Title;	Study Date;	Subjects Number;	Teeth Number;	Ozone Time(Seconds);	Caries Type;	% Success;	Follow-up Period;	Adverse Reactions
58 Lynch E, Grootveld M, Holmes J, Silwood CJ, Claxson AWD, Prinz J, Toms HB. 1H NMR Analysis of Ozone-treated Grapeseed, Olive, and Sunflower Seed Oils. IADR Abstract 2003	2003	n/a	n/a	10 Minutes	Ozonated Oils Comparison	ozonides are likely to account for anti-microbial qualities of ozonated vegetable oils	n/a	None

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1H NMR Studies on Tooth Whitening

Study Title;	Study Date;	Subjects Number;	Teeth Number;	Ozone Time(Seconds);	Caries Type;	% Success;	Follow-up Period;	Adverse Reactions
59 Holmes J, Grootveld M, Smith C, Claxson AWD, Lynch E. Bleaching of Components Responsible for Extrinsic Tooth Discoloration by Ozone. IADR Abstract 2003.	2003	n/a	n/a	10,20 seconds, 10 & 20 minutes	tooth stain removal (Melanoidins)	bleaching effect with ozone	treatment time	None

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